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  1. The "RDTSC ()" macro invokes the rdtsc assembly language instruction, which basically transfers the contents of the CPU's internal clock counter register to a 64-bit variable. This is typically the number of ticks since the last CPU reset.
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    Microsoft Specific Generates the rdtsc instruction, which returns the processor time stamp. The processor time stamp records the number of clock cycles since the last reset. A 64-bit unsigned integer representing a tick count. Header file <intrin.h> This routine is available only as an intrinsic.
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    The Time Stamp Counter ( TSC) is a 64-bit register present on all x86 processors since the Pentium. It counts the number of CPU cycles since its reset. The instruction RDTSC returns the TSC in EDX:EAX. In x86-64 mode, RDTSC also clears the upper 32 bits of RAX and RDX. Its opcode is 0F 31.
    Leaving the calls to CPUID in will not make the code incorrect, only slower. 5.0 Conclusion Although the use of the time-stamp counter can be complicated by the many issues discussed in this paper, it is possible to isolate these issues on an independent basis and create a useful timing mechanism with the RDTSC instruction.
    The RDTSCP instruction is a variant of RDTSC that features partial serialization of the instruction stream, but should not be considered as serializing. Intel processor families increment the time-stamp counter differently:
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    Time Stamp Counter - Wikipedia

    The Time Stamp Counter (TSC) is a 64-bit register present on all x86 processors since the Pentium. It counts the number of CPU cycles since its reset. The instruction RDTSC returns the TSC in EDX:EAX. In x86-64 mode, RDTSC also clears the upper 32 bits of RAX and RDX. Its opcode is 0F 31. Pentium competitors … See more

    The Time Stamp Counter was once a high-resolution, low-overhead way for a program to get CPU timing information. With the advent of multi-core/hyper-threaded CPUs, systems with multiple CPUs, … See more

    An operating system may provide methods that both use and don't use the RDTSC instruction for time keeping, under administrator … See more

    Other processors also have registers which count CPU clock cycles, but with different names. For instance, on the AVR32, it is called the Performance Clock Counter (PCCNT) register. SPARC V9 provides the TICK register. PowerPC provides the 64-bit … See more

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    Intel processor families increment the time-stamp counter differently:
    • For Pentium M processors (family [06H], models [09H, … See more

    The time stamp counter can be used to time instructions accurately which can be exploited in the Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities. However, if this is not available other counters or timers can be used, as is the case with the ARM processors … See more

    cycle.h - C code to read the high-resolution timer on many CPUs and compilers.
    AMD engineer on TSC drift in AMD processors See more

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  4. How to count clock cycles with RDTSC in GCC x86? [duplicate]

  5. RDTSC命令を使い、いまどきのCPUでクロックを測定してみる

  6. RDTSC — Read Time-Stamp Counter - felixcloutier.com

  7. __rdtsc | Microsoft Learn

  8. RDTSC—Read Time-Stamp Counter - GitHub Pages

  9. GitHub - yb303/tsc_clock: Proper TSC based clock

  10. RDTSC | x86 Instruction Set Reference

  11. Performance measurements with RDTSC - strchr.com

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