SAE ARP 4754 has been widely applied in the process of airworthiness certification in highly-integrated or complex electronic system of civil aircraft since 1996. But with the complexity of integration and function increasing in the system design process,

Objective: The flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle (FDAL), an anomalous muscle about the ankle, has recently been implicated in tarsal tunnel syndrome. The purpose of this study is to document the prevalence of the FDAL, its MR appearance and its

The flexor digitorum accessory longus (FDAL) muscle is one of the most commonly encountered anomalous muscles in the foot and ankle. Literature has documented the prevalence of the FDAL anywhere from 4% to 12%, based on cadaveric limb dissection. The

Background: Clinical and cadaver studies have reported that supernumerary muscles could be the etiology of a variety of pathologic disorders, such as posterior impingement syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), and flexor hallucis longus tenosynovitis.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a relatively uncommon nerve entrapment neuropathy. Many pathologies are reported as possible causes for TTS. The diagnosis of TTS can be difficult and often missed. We present a rare case of TTS due to an accessory flexor

The flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) is a variant posterior leg muscle with a reported incidence of 2-8% of lower limbs. The FDAL can originate from many structures in the lower limb, including the tibia fibula, posterior intermuscular septum,