Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a group of proteins involved in assisting the folding and maturation of other proteins, and their expression is normally induced by heat shock or other stressors. Traditionally, HSPs are known as molecular chaperones

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that significantly impacts individuals and presents with diarrhea, bloody stool, and unintended weight loss. This disorder comprises two primary types: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that is influenced by various factors, including environmental factors, immune responses, and genetic elements. Among the factors that influence IBD progression, macrophages play a significant

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or steatosis is an accumulation of fat in the liver. Increased amounts of non-esterified fatty acids, calcium deficiency, or insulin resistance may disturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, which leads to the abnormal